Provaris: Benefits of H2 Compression

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https://wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/PV1/02668081.pdf

Provaris’ latest report compares the delivery cost of hydrogen for three hydrogen energy vectors (compression, liquefaction, and ammonia) when integrated with a variable renewable energy profile to produce hydrogen.

Compression is the most cost-effective option for regional transport distances from 500 to 4000 nautical miles with volumes of up to 500,000 tonnes per annum (tpa).

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https://assets-global.website-files....rch%202024.pdf

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https://mailchi.mp/provaris.energy/c...4?e=ec52dc6a4a

Solving the challenge of safe, low-cost regional green hydrogen storage & supply using the simplicity and efficiency of compression

Leveraged to European policy actions mandating the use of hydrogen in the energy mix

Unique approach creates first mover advantage and most economical regional hydrogen supply

Final shipping approvals imminent, paving the way for near term commercialization opportunities

Increasing attention from major energy companies seeking gaseous hydrogen supply alternatives, evidenced with recent MOUs

Advancing hydrogen supply projects in collaboration with local partners, utilizing Provaris storage and transport solutions

Multiple discussions underway to provide future funding for future asset development

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HIGHLIGHTS:

• Expanding Collaboration: Building on their successful partnership, Norwegian Hydrogen and Provaris Energy are now focusing on accelerating the development of new hydrogen export facilities across the Nordic region.

• Leveraging Past Successes: Utilizing insights from the successful pre-development activities for the FjordH2

The project, completed in 2023, the companies are reviewing potential sites across multiple Nordic countries for the development of a comprehensive portfolio of hydrogen development projects.

• Commitment to Efficiency and Sustainability: The collaboration aims to create energy and capital-efficient projects that will deliver green hydrogen to European industrial users, supporting Europe’s ambitious decarbonization efforts. Read full announcement: https://wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/PV1/02795833.pdf

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a comparison between Provaris’ Compressed Hydrogen and the Suiso Frontier’s Liquefied Hydrogen Carriage based on the information available:

Provaris’ Compressed Hydrogen:

Provaris Energy is developing a marine transport and supply chain for compressed hydrogen1.
They are developing proprietary gaseous hydrogen containment tanks for carriers and storage solutions1. The H2Neo (430-tonne) and H2Max (2,000-tonne) capacity carriers and the H2Leo storage barge (300 - 600 tonne capacity range) designs are advancing through to final marine classification and approvals https://www.provaris.energy/
Provaris advocates for the development of regional hydrogen supply chains that focus on energy efficiency, delivered cost, and simplicity to execute https://www.provaris.energy/
Provaris’ Report compared the delivery cost of hydrogen using compression, liquefaction, and ammonia as the transportation method – across the entire value supply chain, from renewable energy generation to delivered gaseous hydrogen to the customer https://www.provaris.energy/supply-chain
Based on the analysis and outcomes of the Report – compression is the most efficient when you analyse the full value chain https://www.provaris.energy/supply-chain

Suiso Frontier’s Liquefied Hydrogen Carriage:

The Suiso Frontier is the world’s first liquefied hydrogen carrier https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychai...uiso-frontier/
The ship was completed in 2020, designed and constructed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychai...uiso-frontier/
The ship has been used to transport liquefied hydrogen from the Port of Hastings, Victoria, to Kobe, Japan https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychai...uiso-frontier/
The ship’s centrepiece is its 1,250 m3 Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) storage tank https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychai...uiso-frontier/
The tank can safely carry liquefied hydrogen at 1/800th of its original gas-state volume https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychai...uiso-frontier/
The tank keeps the hydrogen at the cryogenic temperature of –253°Chttps://www.hydrogenenergysupplychain.com/about-the-pilot/supply-chain/the-suiso-frontier/

In conclusion, both methods have their own advantages and are suited for different applications. Provaris’ compressed hydrogen is more energy-efficient and cost-effective for regional distances, while the Suiso Frontier’s liquefied hydrogen carriage allows for large-scale international transport. However, it’s important to note that these technologies are still in their early stages, and further advancements are expected as research and development continue.

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Gemini -Please fact check: "a comparison between Provaris’ Compressed Hydrogen and the Suiso Frontier’s Liquefied Hydrogen Carriage" based on the information available:

Provaris Energy is indeed developing a marine transport and supply chain for compressed hydrogen [1].
They are also developing proprietary gaseous hydrogen containment tanks for carriers and storage solutions [1]. The H2Neo (430-tonne) and H2Max (2,000-tonne) capacity carriers and the H2Leo storage barge (300 - 600 tonne capacity range) designs are advancing through to final marine classification and approvals [1].
Provaris advocates for the development of regional hydrogen supply chains that focus on energy efficiency, delivered cost, and simplicity to execute [1].
Their report compared the delivery cost of hydrogen using compression, liquefaction, and ammonia as the transportation method – across the entire value supply chain, from renewable energy generation to delivered gaseous hydrogen to the customer. They found that compression is the most efficient method for transporting hydrogen across regional distances [1].
The Suiso Frontier is the world's first liquefied hydrogen carrier [2].
The ship was completed in 2020, designed and constructed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries [2].
The ship has been used to transport liquefied hydrogen from the Port of Hastings, Victoria, to Kobe, Japan [2].

Overall, the claims made in the passage appear to be supported by the information on the provided webpages.

Websites reviewed and sources referenced
1. www.provaris.energy/
2. www.provaris.energy/supply-chain
3. http://www.hydrogenenergysupplychain...uiso-frontier/

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Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a potential candidate for hydrogen storage and transport, but it has some limitations compared to compressed or liquefied hydrogen:

Pros:

High hydrogen content: NaBH4 boasts a theoretical hydrogen content of around 10.8 wt% (weight percent), which is higher than compressed hydrogen (around 5%).

Solid state: Transportation in solid form can be simpler and potentially safer than compressed gas or liquified hydrogen.

Room temperature reaction: Hydrogen can be generated from NaBH4 through a reaction with water at room temperature, eliminating the need for high-energy cooling processes.

Cons:

Costly production: Current production methods for NaBH4 are expensive and energy-intensive.

Byproduct challenges: The hydrolysis reaction of NaBH4 produces sodium metaborate (NaBO2) as a byproduct. Recycling NaBO2 back to NaBH4 is currently not very efficient, adding to the cost.

Release control: The reaction with water can be rapid, making it challenging to control the release of hydrogen precisely.

Overall:

While NaBH4 shows promise for hydrogen storage, it's still in the development stage. Research is ongoing to address the production cost, recycling efficiency, and controlled hydrogen release. Compressed and liquefied hydrogen are the dominant methods for hydrogen transport currently.

References:
https://reneweconomy.com.au/could-a-...rogen-exports/

research.csiro.au
https://research.csiro.au/hyresearch...rogen-economy/


pubs.rsc.org
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/arti.../na/c9na00037b

arena.gov.au
https://arena.gov.au/projects/hydrog...owder-project/

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Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) has several limitations or drawbacks as a hydrogen carrier:

Expensive to Produce: Sodium borohydride is currently expensive to produce, which prevents its wide applications1. The current production is based on a 70-year-old Brown-Schlesinger process, which is capital and energy-intensive, requires high temperatures and high pressures, and generates large amounts of CO2 Ref.1.

Recycling Byproduct: Sodium borohydride leaves a byproduct known as sodium metaborate after the hydrolysis process2. This byproduct is very expensive to recycle Ref2.

Thermodynamic Stability: Sodium borohydride’s thermodynamic stability seriously hinders its application to obtain hydrogen Ref3 https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/ca...s-12-00356.pdf.

Infrastructure Requirements: The infrastructure for handling and distributing sodium borohydride is not as well established as for other fuels. This could add to the cost and complexity of using sodium borohydride as a hydrogen carrier.

Environmental Impact: The production of sodium borohydride and the recycling of its byproduct could have environmental impacts, particularly if the processes are not managed properly.

However, research is ongoing to address these challenges and make sodium borohydride a more viable hydrogen carrier. For example, a team of Australian researchers has developed a chemical catalyst process that can quickly and cheaply convert sodium metaborate into sodium borohydride Ref2. The Kotai Hydrogen Project at John Curtin University is working on a method to make sodium borohydride 20 times cheaper Ref2.https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/aust...n-powder-form/

For the most up-to-date information, it would be best to check the latest news or scientific publications.

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Other Hydrogen Carriers

There are several other promising hydrogen carriers being explored. Here are a few:

Ammonia: Ammonia is a promising hydrogen carrier due to its high hydrogen density and ease of liquefaction1. It can be easily transported and stored, and the infrastructure for its handling is well established. However, the challenge lies in the safe and efficient release of hydrogen from ammonia.
Methanol: Methanol is another potential hydrogen carrier. It is a liquid at room temperature, making it easy to transport and store1. However, similar to ammonia, releasing hydrogen from methanol requires a catalyst and can produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
Formic Acid: Formic acid can also be used as a hydrogen carrier1. It can release hydrogen through catalytic decomposition. However, formic acid is corrosive and requires careful handling.
Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): LOHCs are organic compounds that can reversibly bind hydrogen23. They are stable and non-toxic, and can be transported using existing infrastructure. However, the hydrogen release process requires a catalyst and can be energy-intensive2.
Metal Hydrides: Metal hydrides can absorb and release hydrogen through a reversible chemical reaction14. They can store a large amount of hydrogen and release it at relatively low temperatures. However, they are often heavy and require high pressures for hydrogen absorption4.

Each of these carriers has its own advantages and challenges, and the choice of carrier would depend on the specific application and infrastructure available. Research is ongoing to improve these technologies and develop new ones.

References:
1 - https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/en...ion=1692279100

2. https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/aust...n-powder-form/

3. https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/ca...s-12-00356.pdf

4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10...319-17031-2_36

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https://www.provaris.energy/supply-chain

"Now it’s your turn to ask your own questions of the Report, and better understand the benefits of compression compared to ammonia or liquefaction. Click here to ask Provaris' AI Agent Garry a question."